A 55-year-old man experiences sudden unilateral facial numbness and right hand numbness with mild word-finding difficulty. What is the most likely etiology?

• A. Migraine headache
• B. Peripheral neuropathy
• C. Transient ischemic attack
• D. Seizure

Answer: (C)

This scenario is teaching the idea that a transient ischemic attack causes a brief, focal disruption of brain function due to temporary loss of blood flow. The sudden sensory loss affecting one side of the face and hand, along with mild word-finding difficulty, points to involvement of language and sensory areas in the brain, most often in the territory supplied by the dominant hemisphere’s middle cerebral artery. Because these deficits come on abruptly and resolve completely within a short time (usually less than 24 hours), with no lasting weakness or persistent deficits, it fits a TIA pattern rather than a stroke with permanent injury.

Migraine with aura can produce transient sensory changes, but it typically features a headache and a different aura pattern, and isn’t as neatly localized to a vascular territory with language disturbance. Peripheral neuropathy usually presents as distal, symmetric numbness that develops more gradually and persists rather than causing a sudden unilateral facial and hand deficit with transient aphasia. Seizures can cause focal neurologic symptoms, but they are typically accompanied by convulsions or postictal confusion, not a clean, brief, focal deficit that fully resolves. Therefore, the most likely etiology is a transient ischemic attack due to transient cerebral ischemia.